Water is the most versatile solvent known solute a substance that is dissolved in a solution aqueous solution a solution in which water is the solvent hydration shell the sphere of the water molecules around a dissolved ion hydrophilic having an affinity for water colloid a mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid hydrophobic having no affinity for water tending to coalesce and form droplets of water molecular mass the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule sometimes called molecular weight mole (mol) the number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules molarity a common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution hydrogen ion a single proton with a charge of 1+. solution a liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances solvent the dissolving agent of a solution. Kilocalorie (kcal) a thousand calories the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius joule (J) a unit of energy 1 J = 0.239 cal 1 cal = 4.184 J specific heat the amount of heat that must be absorbed of lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius heat of vaporization the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state evaporative cooling the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.
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